In 2025, more than 2,000 trans women were incarcerated in federal jails in the US.[7] A 2007 study of Californian prisons found that 59% of trans inmates were sexually assaulted while incarcerated compared to 4% of all surveyed inmates; and 41-50% of the trans inmates surveyed reported rape, compared to 2-3% of the all inmates surveyed. Trans inmates described sexual assault as a “fact of prison life” while incarcerated.[8] Trans inmates also reported more assaults had taken place outside of their cells compared to the cisgender inmates. Furthermore, trans inmates were disproportionately denied medical attention following a sexual assault compared to other inmates.[8] A 2022 study in the same state found that 69% of trans women were forced into performing sexual oral practices against their will in all-male prisons—and that 58.5% of trans women reported being sexually assaulted.[6]